BATS and TBATS

(T)BATS models [1] stand for

• (Trigonometric)

• Box-Cox

• ARMA errors

• Trend

• Seasonal components

They are appropriate to model “complex seasonal time series such as those with multiple seasonal periods, high frequency seasonality, non-integer seasonality and dual-calendar effects” [1].

References

1(1,2)

https://robjhyndman.com/papers/ComplexSeasonality.pdf

class darts.models.forecasting.tbats_model.BATS(use_box_cox=None, box_cox_bounds=(0, 1), use_trend=None, use_damped_trend=None, seasonal_periods='freq', use_arma_errors=True, show_warnings=False, n_jobs=None, multiprocessing_start_method='spawn', random_state=0)

Bases: _BaseBatsTbatsModel

This is a wrapper around tbats.

This implementation also provides naive frequency inference (when “freq” is provided for seasonal_periods), as well as Darts-compatible sampling of the resulting normal distribution.

For convenience, the tbats documentation of the parameters is reported here.

Parameters

• use_box_cox (Optional[bool]) – If Box-Cox transformation of original series should be applied. When None both cases shall be considered and better is selected by AIC.

• box_cox_bounds (Tuple) – Minimal and maximal Box-Cox parameter values.

• use_trend (Optional[bool]) – Indicates whether to include a trend or not. When None, both cases shall be considered and the better one is selected by AIC.

• use_damped_trend (Optional[bool]) – Indicates whether to include a damping parameter in the trend or not. Applies only when trend is used. When None, both cases shall be considered and the better one is selected by AIC.

• seasonal_periods (Union[str, List, None]) – Length of each of the periods (amount of observations in each period). TBATS accepts int and float values here. BATS accepts only int values. When None or empty array, non-seasonal model shall be fitted. If set to "freq", a single “naive” seasonality based on the series frequency will be used (e.g. [12] for monthly series). In this latter case, the seasonality will be recomputed every time the model is fit.

• use_arma_errors (Optional[bool]) – When True BATS will try to improve the model by modelling residuals with ARMA. Best model will be selected by AIC. If False, ARMA residuals modeling will not be considered.

• show_warnings (bool) – If warnings should be shown or not.

• n_jobs (Optional[int]) – How many jobs to run in parallel when fitting BATS model. When not provided BATS shall try to utilize all available cpu cores.

• multiprocessing_start_method (Optional[str]) – How threads should be started. See https://docs.python.org/3/library/multiprocessing.html#contexts-and-start-methods

• random_state (int) – Sets the underlying random seed at model initialization time.

Examples

>>> from darts.datasets import AirPassengersDataset
>>> from darts.models import TBATS # or BATS
>>> series = AirPassengersDataset().load()
>>> # based on preliminary analysis, the series contains a trend
>>> model = TBATS(use_trend=True)
>>> model.fit(series)
>>> pred = model.predict(6)
>>> pred.values()
array([[448.29856017],
       [439.42215052],
       [507.73465028],
       [493.03751671],
       [498.85885374],
       [564.64871897]])

Attributes

considers_static_covariates	Whether the model considers static covariates, if there are any.
extreme_lags	A 8-tuple containing in order: (min target lag, max target lag, min past covariate lag, max past covariate lag, min future covariate lag, max future covariate lag, output shift, max target lag train (only for RNNModel)).
min_train_samples	The minimum number of samples for training the model.
output_chunk_length	Number of time steps predicted at once by the model, not defined for statistical models.
output_chunk_shift	Number of time steps that the output/prediction starts after the end of the input.
supports_future_covariates	Whether model supports future covariates
supports_likelihood_parameter_prediction	Whether model instance supports direct prediction of likelihood parameters
supports_multivariate	Whether the model considers more than one variate in the time series.
supports_optimized_historical_forecasts	Whether the model supports optimized historical forecasts
supports_past_covariates	Whether model supports past covariates
supports_probabilistic_prediction	Checks if the forecasting model with this configuration supports probabilistic predictions.
supports_sample_weight	Whether model supports sample weight for training.
supports_static_covariates	Whether model supports static covariates
supports_transferrable_series_prediction	Whether the model supports prediction for any input series.
uses_future_covariates	Whether the model uses future covariates, once fitted.
uses_past_covariates	Whether the model uses past covariates, once fitted.
uses_static_covariates	Whether the model uses static covariates, once fitted.

model_params

Methods

backtest(series[, past_covariates, ...])	Compute error values that the model would have produced when used on (potentially multiple) series.
fit(series)	Fit/train the model on the provided series.
generate_fit_encodings(series[, ...])	Generates the covariate encodings that were used/generated for fitting the model and returns a tuple of past, and future covariates series with the original and encoded covariates stacked together.
generate_fit_predict_encodings(n, series[, ...])	Generates covariate encodings for training and inference/prediction and returns a tuple of past, and future covariates series with the original and encoded covariates stacked together.
generate_predict_encodings(n, series[, ...])	Generates covariate encodings for the inference/prediction set and returns a tuple of past, and future covariates series with the original and encoded covariates stacked together.
gridsearch(parameters, series[, ...])	Find the best hyper-parameters among a given set using a grid search.
historical_forecasts(series[, ...])	Compute the historical forecasts that would have been obtained by this model on (potentially multiple) series.
load(path)	Loads the model from a given path or file handle.
predict(n[, num_samples, verbose, show_warnings])	Forecasts values for n time steps after the end of the training series.
residuals(series[, past_covariates, ...])	Compute the residuals produced by this model on a (or sequence of) TimeSeries.
save([path])	Saves the model under a given path or file handle.

backtest(series, past_covariates=None, future_covariates=None, historical_forecasts=None, num_samples=1, train_length=None, start=None, start_format='value', forecast_horizon=1, stride=1, retrain=True, overlap_end=False, last_points_only=False, metric=<function mape>, reduction=<function mean>, verbose=False, show_warnings=True, predict_likelihood_parameters=False, enable_optimization=True, metric_kwargs=None, fit_kwargs=None, predict_kwargs=None, sample_weight=None)

Compute error values that the model would have produced when used on (potentially multiple) series.

If historical_forecasts are provided, the metric (given by the metric function) is evaluated directly on the forecast and the actual values. The same series must be passed that was used to generate the historical forecasts. Otherwise, it repeatedly builds a training set: either expanding from the beginning of series or moving with a fixed length train_length. It trains the current model on the training set, emits a forecast of length equal to forecast_horizon, and then moves the end of the training set forward by stride time steps. The metric is then evaluated on the forecast and the actual values. Finally, the method returns a reduction (the mean by default) of all these metric scores.

By default, this method uses each historical forecast (whole) to compute error scores. If last_points_only is set to True, it will use only the last point of each historical forecast. In this case, no reduction is used.

By default, this method always re-trains the models on the entire available history, corresponding to an expanding window strategy. If retrain is set to False (useful for models for which training might be time-consuming, such as deep learning models), the trained model will be used directly to emit the forecasts.

Parameters

• series (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries]]) – The (or a sequence of) target time series used to successively train and evaluate the historical forecasts.

• past_covariates (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries], None]) – Optionally, one (or a sequence of) past-observed covariate series. This applies only if the model supports past covariates.

• future_covariates (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries], None]) – Optionally, one (or a sequence of) future-known covariate series. This applies only if the model supports future covariates.

• historical_forecasts (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries], Sequence[Sequence[TimeSeries]], None]) – Optionally, the (or a sequence of / a sequence of sequences of) historical forecasts time series to be evaluated. Corresponds to the output of historical_forecasts(). The same series and last_points_only values must be passed that were used to generate the historical forecasts. If provided, will skip historical forecasting and ignore all parameters except series, last_points_only, metric, and reduction.

• num_samples (int) – Number of times a prediction is sampled from a probabilistic model. Use values >1 only for probabilistic models.

• train_length (Optional[int]) – Number of time steps in our training set (size of backtesting window to train on). Only effective when retrain is not False. Default is set to train_length=None where it takes all available time steps up until prediction time, otherwise the moving window strategy is used. If larger than the number of time steps available, all steps up until prediction time are used, as in default case. Needs to be at least min_train_series_length.

• start (Union[Timestamp, float, int, None]) –

  Optionally, the first point in time at which a prediction is computed. This parameter supports: float, int, pandas.Timestamp, and None. If a float, it is the proportion of the time series that should lie before the first prediction point. If an int, it is either the index position of the first prediction point for series with a pd.DatetimeIndex, or the index value for series with a pd.RangeIndex. The latter can be changed to the index position with start_format=”position”. If a pandas.Timestamp, it is the time stamp of the first prediction point. If None, the first prediction point will automatically be set to:

  • the first predictable point if retrain is False, or retrain is a Callable and the first predictable point is earlier than the first trainable point.

  • the first trainable point if retrain is True or int (given train_length), or retrain is a Callable and the first trainable point is earlier than the first predictable point.

  • the first trainable point (given train_length) otherwise

  Note: Raises a ValueError if start yields a time outside the time index of series. Note: If start is outside the possible historical forecasting times, will ignore the parameter (default behavior with None) and start at the first trainable/predictable point.

• start_format (Literal[‘position’, ‘value’]) – Defines the start format. Only effective when start is an integer and series is indexed with a pd.RangeIndex. If set to ‘position’, start corresponds to the index position of the first predicted point and can range from (-len(series), len(series) - 1). If set to ‘value’, start corresponds to the index value/label of the first predicted point. Will raise an error if the value is not in series’ index. Default: 'value'

• forecast_horizon (int) – The forecast horizon for the point predictions.

• stride (int) – The number of time steps between two consecutive predictions.

• retrain (Union[bool, int, Callable[…, bool]]) –

  Whether and/or on which condition to retrain the model before predicting. This parameter supports 3 different datatypes: bool, (positive) int, and Callable (returning a bool). In the case of bool: retrain the model at each step (True), or never retrains the model (False). In the case of int: the model is retrained every retrain iterations. In the case of Callable: the model is retrained whenever callable returns True. The callable must have the following positional arguments:

  • counter (int): current retrain iteration

  • pred_time (pd.Timestamp or int): timestamp of forecast time (end of the training series)

  • train_series (TimeSeries): train series up to pred_time

  • past_covariates (TimeSeries): past_covariates series up to pred_time

  • future_covariates (TimeSeries): future_covariates series up to min(pred_time + series.freq * forecast_horizon, series.end_time())

  Note: if any optional *_covariates are not passed to historical_forecast, None will be passed to the corresponding retrain function argument. Note: some models do require being retrained every time and do not support anything other than retrain=True.

• overlap_end (bool) – Whether the returned forecasts can go beyond the series’ end or not.

• last_points_only (bool) – Whether to use the whole historical forecasts or only the last point of each forecast to compute the error.

• metric (Union[Callable[…, Union[float, List[float], ndarray, List[ndarray]]], List[Callable[…, Union[float, List[float], ndarray, List[ndarray]]]]]) – A metric function or a list of metric functions. Each metric must either be a Darts metric (see here), or a custom metric that has an identical signature as Darts’ metrics, uses decorators multi_ts_support() and multi_ts_support(), and returns the metric score.

• reduction (Optional[Callable[…, float]]) – A function used to combine the individual error scores obtained when last_points_only is set to False. When providing several metric functions, the function will receive the argument axis = 1 to obtain single value for each metric function. If explicitly set to None, the method will return a list of the individual error scores instead. Set to np.mean by default.

• verbose (bool) – Whether to print progress.

• show_warnings (bool) – Whether to show warnings related to parameters start, and train_length.

• predict_likelihood_parameters (bool) – If set to True, the model predict the parameters of its Likelihood parameters instead of the target. Only supported for probabilistic models with likelihood=”quantile”, num_samples = 1 and n<=output_chunk_length. Default: False.

• enable_optimization (bool) – Whether to use the optimized version of historical_forecasts when supported and available. Default: True.

• metric_kwargs (Union[Dict[str, Any], List[Dict[str, Any]], None]) – Additional arguments passed to metric(), such as ‘n_jobs’ for parallelization, ‘component_reduction’ for reducing the component wise metrics, seasonality ‘m’ for scaled metrics, etc. Will pass arguments to each metric separately and only if they are present in the corresponding metric signature. Parameter ‘insample’ for scaled metrics (e.g. mase`, rmsse, …) is ignored, as it is handled internally.

• fit_kwargs (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]) – Additional arguments passed to the model fit() method.

• predict_kwargs (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]) – Additional arguments passed to the model predict() method.

• sample_weight (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries], str, None]) – Optionally, some sample weights to apply to the target series labels for training. Only effective when retrain is not False. They are applied per observation, per label (each step in output_chunk_length), and per component. If a series or sequence of series, then those weights are used. If the weight series only have a single component / column, then the weights are applied globally to all components in series. Otherwise, for component-specific weights, the number of components must match those of series. If a string, then the weights are generated using built-in weighting functions. The available options are “linear” or “exponential” decay - the further in the past, the lower the weight. The weights are computed per time series.

Return type

Union[float, ndarray, List[float], List[ndarray]]

Returns

• float – A single backtest score for single uni/multivariate series, a single metric function and:

  • historical_forecasts generated with last_points_only=True

  • historical_forecasts generated with last_points_only=False and using a backtest reduction

• np.ndarray – An numpy array of backtest scores. For single series and one of:

  • a single metric function, historical_forecasts generated with last_points_only=False and backtest reduction=None. The output has shape (n forecasts, *).

  • multiple metric functions and historical_forecasts generated with last_points_only=False. The output has shape (*, n metrics) when using a backtest reduction, and (n forecasts, *, n metrics) when reduction=None

  • multiple uni/multivariate series including series_reduction and at least one of component_reduction=None or time_reduction=None for “per time step metrics”

• List[float] – Same as for type float but for a sequence of series. The returned metric list has length len(series) with the float metric for each input series.

• List[np.ndarray] – Same as for type np.ndarray but for a sequence of series. The returned metric list has length len(series) with the np.ndarray metrics for each input series.

property considers_static_covariates: bool

Whether the model considers static covariates, if there are any.

Return type

bool

property extreme_lags: Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int], Optional[int], Optional[int], Optional[int], Optional[int], int, Optional[int]]

A 8-tuple containing in order: (min target lag, max target lag, min past covariate lag, max past covariate lag, min future covariate lag, max future covariate lag, output shift, max target lag train (only for RNNModel)). If 0 is the index of the first prediction, then all lags are relative to this index.

See examples below.

If the model wasn’t fitted with:

• target (concerning RegressionModels only): then the first element should be None.

• past covariates: then the third and fourth elements should be None.

• future covariates: then the fifth and sixth elements should be None.

Should be overridden by models that use past or future covariates, and/or for model that have minimum target lag and maximum target lags potentially different from -1 and 0.

Notes

maximum target lag (second value) cannot be None and is always larger than or equal to 0.

Examples

>>> model = LinearRegressionModel(lags=3, output_chunk_length=2)
>>> model.fit(train_series)
>>> model.extreme_lags
(-3, 1, None, None, None, None, 0, None)
>>> model = LinearRegressionModel(lags=3, output_chunk_length=2, output_chunk_shift=2)
>>> model.fit(train_series)
>>> model.extreme_lags
(-3, 1, None, None, None, None, 2, None)
>>> model = LinearRegressionModel(lags=[-3, -5], lags_past_covariates = 4, output_chunk_length=7)
>>> model.fit(train_series, past_covariates=past_covariates)
>>> model.extreme_lags
(-5, 6, -4, -1,  None, None, 0, None)
>>> model = LinearRegressionModel(lags=[3, 5], lags_future_covariates = [4, 6], output_chunk_length=7)
>>> model.fit(train_series, future_covariates=future_covariates)
>>> model.extreme_lags
(-5, 6, None, None, 4, 6, 0, None)
>>> model = NBEATSModel(input_chunk_length=10, output_chunk_length=7)
>>> model.fit(train_series)
>>> model.extreme_lags
(-10, 6, None, None, None, None, 0, None)
>>> model = NBEATSModel(input_chunk_length=10, output_chunk_length=7, lags_future_covariates=[4, 6])
>>> model.fit(train_series, future_covariates)
>>> model.extreme_lags
(-10, 6, None, None, 4, 6, 0, None)

Return type

Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int], Optional[int], Optional[int], Optional[int], Optional[int], int, Optional[int]]

fit(series)

Fit/train the model on the provided series.

Parameters

series (TimeSeries) – A target time series. The model will be trained to forecast this time series.

Returns

Fitted model.

Return type

self

generate_fit_encodings(series, past_covariates=None, future_covariates=None)

Generates the covariate encodings that were used/generated for fitting the model and returns a tuple of past, and future covariates series with the original and encoded covariates stacked together. The encodings are generated by the encoders defined at model creation with parameter add_encoders. Pass the same series, past_covariates, and future_covariates that you used to train/fit the model.

Parameters

• series (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries]]) – The series or sequence of series with the target values used when fitting the model.

• past_covariates (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries], None]) – Optionally, the series or sequence of series with the past-observed covariates used when fitting the model.

• future_covariates (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries], None]) – Optionally, the series or sequence of series with the future-known covariates used when fitting the model.

Returns

A tuple of (past covariates, future covariates). Each covariate contains the original as well as the encoded covariates.

Return type

Tuple[Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries]], Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries]]]

generate_fit_predict_encodings(n, series, past_covariates=None, future_covariates=None)

Generates covariate encodings for training and inference/prediction and returns a tuple of past, and future covariates series with the original and encoded covariates stacked together. The encodings are generated by the encoders defined at model creation with parameter add_encoders. Pass the same series, past_covariates, and future_covariates that you intend to use for training and prediction.

Parameters

• n (int) – The number of prediction time steps after the end of series intended to be used for prediction.

• series (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries]]) – The series or sequence of series with target values intended to be used for training and prediction.

• past_covariates (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries], None]) – Optionally, the past-observed covariates series intended to be used for training and prediction. The dimensions must match those of the covariates used for training.

• future_covariates (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries], None]) – Optionally, the future-known covariates series intended to be used for prediction. The dimensions must match those of the covariates used for training.

Returns

A tuple of (past covariates, future covariates). Each covariate contains the original as well as the encoded covariates.

Return type

Tuple[Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries]], Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries]]]

generate_predict_encodings(n, series, past_covariates=None, future_covariates=None)

Generates covariate encodings for the inference/prediction set and returns a tuple of past, and future covariates series with the original and encoded covariates stacked together. The encodings are generated by the encoders defined at model creation with parameter add_encoders. Pass the same series, past_covariates, and future_covariates that you intend to use for prediction.

Parameters

• n (int) – The number of prediction time steps after the end of series intended to be used for prediction.

• series (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries]]) – The series or sequence of series with target values intended to be used for prediction.

• past_covariates (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries], None]) – Optionally, the past-observed covariates series intended to be used for prediction. The dimensions must match those of the covariates used for training.

• future_covariates (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries], None]) – Optionally, the future-known covariates series intended to be used for prediction. The dimensions must match those of the covariates used for training.

Returns

A tuple of (past covariates, future covariates). Each covariate contains the original as well as the encoded covariates.

Return type

Tuple[Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries]], Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries]]]

classmethod gridsearch(parameters, series, past_covariates=None, future_covariates=None, forecast_horizon=None, stride=1, start=None, start_format='value', last_points_only=False, show_warnings=True, val_series=None, use_fitted_values=False, metric=<function mape>, reduction=<function mean>, verbose=False, n_jobs=1, n_random_samples=None, fit_kwargs=None, predict_kwargs=None, sample_weight=None)

Find the best hyper-parameters among a given set using a grid search.

This function has 3 modes of operation: Expanding window mode, split mode and fitted value mode. The three modes of operation evaluate every possible combination of hyper-parameter values provided in the parameters dictionary by instantiating the model_class subclass of ForecastingModel with each combination, and returning the best-performing model with regard to the metric function. The metric function is expected to return an error value, thus the model resulting in the smallest metric output will be chosen.

The relationship of the training data and test data depends on the mode of operation.

Expanding window mode (activated when forecast_horizon is passed): For every hyperparameter combination, the model is repeatedly trained and evaluated on different splits of series. This process is accomplished by using the backtest() function as a subroutine to produce historic forecasts starting from start that are compared against the ground truth values of series. Note that the model is retrained for every single prediction, thus this mode is slower.

Split window mode (activated when val_series is passed): This mode will be used when the val_series argument is passed. For every hyper-parameter combination, the model is trained on series and evaluated on val_series.

Fitted value mode (activated when use_fitted_values is set to True): For every hyper-parameter combination, the model is trained on series and evaluated on the resulting fitted values. Not all models have fitted values, and this method raises an error if the model doesn’t have a fitted_values member. The fitted values are the result of the fit of the model on series. Comparing with the fitted values can be a quick way to assess the model, but one cannot see if the model is overfitting the series.

Derived classes must ensure that a single instance of a model will not share parameters with the other instances, e.g., saving models in the same path. Otherwise, an unexpected behavior can arise while running several models in parallel (when n_jobs != 1). If this cannot be avoided, then gridsearch should be redefined, forcing n_jobs = 1.

Currently this method only supports deterministic predictions (i.e. when models’ predictions have only 1 sample).

Parameters

• model_class – The ForecastingModel subclass to be tuned for ‘series’.

• parameters (dict) – A dictionary containing as keys hyperparameter names, and as values lists of values for the respective hyperparameter.

• series (TimeSeries) – The target series used as input and target for training.

• past_covariates (Optional[TimeSeries]) – Optionally, a past-observed covariate series. This applies only if the model supports past covariates.

• future_covariates (Optional[TimeSeries]) – Optionally, a future-known covariate series. This applies only if the model supports future covariates.

• forecast_horizon (Optional[int]) – The integer value of the forecasting horizon. Activates expanding window mode.

• stride (int) – Only used in expanding window mode. The number of time steps between two consecutive predictions.

• start (Union[Timestamp, float, int, None]) –

  Only used in expanding window mode. Optionally, the first point in time at which a prediction is computed. This parameter supports: float, int, pandas.Timestamp, and None. If a float, it is the proportion of the time series that should lie before the first prediction point. If an int, it is either the index position of the first prediction point for series with a pd.DatetimeIndex, or the index value for series with a pd.RangeIndex. The latter can be changed to the index position with start_format=”position”. If a pandas.Timestamp, it is the time stamp of the first prediction point. If None, the first prediction point will automatically be set to:

  • the first predictable point if retrain is False, or retrain is a Callable and the first predictable point is earlier than the first trainable point.

  • the first trainable point if retrain is True or int (given train_length), or retrain is a Callable and the first trainable point is earlier than the first predictable point.

  • the first trainable point (given train_length) otherwise

  Note: Raises a ValueError if start yields a time outside the time index of series. Note: If start is outside the possible historical forecasting times, will ignore the parameter (default behavior with None) and start at the first trainable/predictable point.

• start_format (Literal[‘position’, ‘value’]) – Only used in expanding window mode. Defines the start format. Only effective when start is an integer and series is indexed with a pd.RangeIndex. If set to ‘position’, start corresponds to the index position of the first predicted point and can range from (-len(series), len(series) - 1). If set to ‘value’, start corresponds to the index value/label of the first predicted point. Will raise an error if the value is not in series’ index. Default: 'value'

• last_points_only (bool) – Only used in expanding window mode. Whether to use the whole forecasts or only the last point of each forecast to compute the error.

• show_warnings (bool) – Only used in expanding window mode. Whether to show warnings related to the start parameter.

• val_series (Optional[TimeSeries]) – The TimeSeries instance used for validation in split mode. If provided, this series must start right after the end of series; so that a proper comparison of the forecast can be made.

• use_fitted_values (bool) – If True, uses the comparison with the fitted values. Raises an error if fitted_values is not an attribute of model_class.

• metric (Callable[[TimeSeries, TimeSeries], float]) –

  A metric function that returns the error between two TimeSeries as a float value . Must either be one of Darts’ “aggregated over time” metrics (see here), or a custom metric that as input two TimeSeries and returns the error

• reduction (Callable[[ndarray], float]) – A reduction function (mapping array to float) describing how to aggregate the errors obtained on the different validation series when backtesting. By default it’ll compute the mean of errors.

• verbose – Whether to print progress.

• n_jobs (int) – The number of jobs to run in parallel. Parallel jobs are created only when there are two or more parameters combinations to evaluate. Each job will instantiate, train, and evaluate a different instance of the model. Defaults to 1 (sequential). Setting the parameter to -1 means using all the available cores.

• n_random_samples (Union[int, float, None]) – The number/ratio of hyperparameter combinations to select from the full parameter grid. This will perform a random search instead of using the full grid. If an integer, n_random_samples is the number of parameter combinations selected from the full grid and must be between 0 and the total number of parameter combinations. If a float, n_random_samples is the ratio of parameter combinations selected from the full grid and must be between 0 and 1. Defaults to None, for which random selection will be ignored.

• fit_kwargs (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]) – Additional arguments passed to the model fit() method.

• predict_kwargs (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]) – Additional arguments passed to the model predict() method.

• sample_weight (Union[TimeSeries, str, None]) – Optionally, some sample weights to apply to the target series labels for training. Only effective when retrain is not False. They are applied per observation, per label (each step in output_chunk_length), and per component. If a series, then those weights are used. If the weight series only have a single component / column, then the weights are applied globally to all components in series. Otherwise, for component-specific weights, the number of components must match those of series. If a string, then the weights are generated using built-in weighting functions. The available options are “linear” or “exponential” decay - the further in the past, the lower the weight.

Returns

A tuple containing an untrained model_class instance created from the best-performing hyper-parameters, along with a dictionary containing these best hyper-parameters, and metric score for the best hyper-parameters.

Return type

ForecastingModel, Dict, float

historical_forecasts(series, past_covariates=None, future_covariates=None, num_samples=1, train_length=None, start=None, start_format='value', forecast_horizon=1, stride=1, retrain=True, overlap_end=False, last_points_only=True, verbose=False, show_warnings=True, predict_likelihood_parameters=False, enable_optimization=True, fit_kwargs=None, predict_kwargs=None, sample_weight=None)

Compute the historical forecasts that would have been obtained by this model on (potentially multiple) series.

This method repeatedly builds a training set: either expanding from the beginning of series or moving with a fixed length train_length. It trains the model on the training set, emits a forecast of length equal to forecast_horizon, and then moves the end of the training set forward by stride time steps.

By default, this method will return one (or a sequence of) single time series made up of the last point of each historical forecast. This time series will thus have a frequency of series.freq * stride. If last_points_only is set to False, it will instead return one (or a sequence of) list of the historical forecasts series.

By default, this method always re-trains the models on the entire available history, corresponding to an expanding window strategy. If retrain is set to False, the model must have been fit before. This is not supported by all models.

Parameters

• series (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries]]) – The (or a sequence of) target time series used to successively train and compute the historical forecasts.

• past_covariates (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries], None]) – Optionally, one (or a sequence of) past-observed covariate series. This applies only if the model supports past covariates.

• future_covariates (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries], None]) – Optionally, one (or a sequence of) of future-known covariate series. This applies only if the model supports future covariates.

• num_samples (int) – Number of times a prediction is sampled from a probabilistic model. Use values >1 only for probabilistic models.

• train_length (Optional[int]) – Number of time steps in our training set (size of backtesting window to train on). Only effective when retrain is not False. Default is set to train_length=None where it takes all available time steps up until prediction time, otherwise the moving window strategy is used. If larger than the number of time steps available, all steps up until prediction time are used, as in default case. Needs to be at least min_train_series_length.

• start (Union[Timestamp, float, int, None]) –

  Optionally, the first point in time at which a prediction is computed. This parameter supports: float, int, pandas.Timestamp, and None. If a float, it is the proportion of the time series that should lie before the first prediction point. If an int, it is either the index position of the first prediction point for series with a pd.DatetimeIndex, or the index value for series with a pd.RangeIndex. The latter can be changed to the index position with start_format=”position”. If a pandas.Timestamp, it is the time stamp of the first prediction point. If None, the first prediction point will automatically be set to:

  • the first predictable point if retrain is False, or retrain is a Callable and the first predictable point is earlier than the first trainable point.

  • the first trainable point if retrain is True or int (given train_length), or retrain is a Callable and the first trainable point is earlier than the first predictable point.

  • the first trainable point (given train_length) otherwise

  Note: If the model uses a shifted output (output_chunk_shift > 0), then the first predicted point is also shifted by output_chunk_shift points into the future. Note: Raises a ValueError if start yields a time outside the time index of series. Note: If start is outside the possible historical forecasting times, will ignore the parameter (default behavior with None) and start at the first trainable/predictable point.

• start_format (Literal[‘position’, ‘value’]) – Defines the start format. Only effective when start is an integer and series is indexed with a pd.RangeIndex. If set to ‘position’, start corresponds to the index position of the first predicted point and can range from (-len(series), len(series) - 1). If set to ‘value’, start corresponds to the index value/label of the first predicted point. Will raise an error if the value is not in series’ index. Default: 'value'

• forecast_horizon (int) – The forecast horizon for the predictions.

• stride (int) – The number of time steps between two consecutive predictions.

• retrain (Union[bool, int, Callable[…, bool]]) –

  Whether and/or on which condition to retrain the model before predicting. This parameter supports 3 different datatypes: bool, (positive) int, and Callable (returning a bool). In the case of bool: retrain the model at each step (True), or never retrains the model (False). In the case of int: the model is retrained every retrain iterations. In the case of Callable: the model is retrained whenever callable returns True. The callable must have the following positional arguments:

  • counter (int): current retrain iteration

  • pred_time (pd.Timestamp or int): timestamp of forecast time (end of the training series)

  • train_series (TimeSeries): train series up to pred_time

  • past_covariates (TimeSeries): past_covariates series up to pred_time

  • future_covariates (TimeSeries): future_covariates series up to min(pred_time + series.freq * forecast_horizon, series.end_time())

  Note: if any optional *_covariates are not passed to historical_forecast, None will be passed to the corresponding retrain function argument. Note: some models do require being retrained every time and do not support anything other than retrain=True.

• overlap_end (bool) – Whether the returned forecasts can go beyond the series’ end or not.

• last_points_only (bool) – Whether to retain only the last point of each historical forecast. If set to True, the method returns a single TimeSeries containing the successive point forecasts. Otherwise, returns a list of historical TimeSeries forecasts.

• verbose (bool) – Whether to print progress.

• show_warnings (bool) – Whether to show warnings related to historical forecasts optimization, or parameters start and train_length.

• predict_likelihood_parameters (bool) – If set to True, the model predict the parameters of its Likelihood parameters instead of the target. Only supported for probabilistic models with a likelihood, num_samples = 1 and n<=output_chunk_length. Default: False

• enable_optimization (bool) – Whether to use the optimized version of historical_forecasts when supported and available. Default: True.

• fit_kwargs (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]) – Additional arguments passed to the model fit() method.

• predict_kwargs (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]) – Additional arguments passed to the model predict() method.

• sample_weight (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries], str, None]) – Optionally, some sample weights to apply to the target series labels for training. Only effective when retrain is not False. They are applied per observation, per label (each step in output_chunk_length), and per component. If a series or sequence of series, then those weights are used. If the weight series only have a single component / column, then the weights are applied globally to all components in series. Otherwise, for component-specific weights, the number of components must match those of series. If a string, then the weights are generated using built-in weighting functions. The available options are “linear” or “exponential” decay - the further in the past, the lower the weight. The weights are computed per time series.

Return type

Union[TimeSeries, List[TimeSeries], List[List[TimeSeries]]]

Returns

• TimeSeries – A single historical forecast for a single series and last_points_only=True: it contains only the predictions at step forecast_horizon from all historical forecasts.

• List[TimeSeries] – A list of historical forecasts for:

  • a sequence (list) of series and last_points_only=True: for each series, it contains only the predictions at step forecast_horizon from all historical forecasts.

  • a single series and last_points_only=False: for each historical forecast, it contains the entire horizon forecast_horizon.

• List[List[TimeSeries]] – A list of lists of historical forecasts for a sequence of series and last_points_only=False. For each series, and historical forecast, it contains the entire horizon forecast_horizon. The outer list is over the series provided in the input sequence, and the inner lists contain the historical forecasts for each series.

static load(path)

Loads the model from a given path or file handle.

Parameters

path (Union[str, PathLike, BinaryIO]) – Path or file handle from which to load the model.

Return type

ForecastingModel

property min_train_samples: int

The minimum number of samples for training the model.

Return type

int

property model_params: dict

Return type

dict

property output_chunk_length: Optional[int]

Number of time steps predicted at once by the model, not defined for statistical models.

Return type

Optional[int]

property output_chunk_shift: int

Number of time steps that the output/prediction starts after the end of the input.

Return type

int

predict(n, num_samples=1, verbose=False, show_warnings=True)

Forecasts values for n time steps after the end of the training series.

Parameters

• n (int) – Forecast horizon - the number of time steps after the end of the series for which to produce predictions.

• num_samples (int) – Number of times a prediction is sampled from a probabilistic model. Should be left set to 1 for deterministic models.

• verbose (bool) – Optionally, set the prediction verbosity. Not effective for all models.

• show_warnings (bool) – Optionally, control whether warnings are shown. Not effective for all models.

Returns

A time series containing the n next points after then end of the training series.

Return type

TimeSeries

residuals(series, past_covariates=None, future_covariates=None, historical_forecasts=None, num_samples=1, train_length=None, start=None, start_format='value', forecast_horizon=1, stride=1, retrain=True, last_points_only=True, metric=<function err>, verbose=False, show_warnings=True, predict_likelihood_parameters=False, enable_optimization=True, metric_kwargs=None, fit_kwargs=None, predict_kwargs=None, values_only=False, sample_weight=None)

Compute the residuals produced by this model on a (or sequence of) TimeSeries.

This function computes the difference (or one of Darts’ “per time step” metrics) between the actual observations from series and the fitted values obtained by training the model on series (or using a pre-trained model with retrain=False). Not all models support fitted values, so we use historical forecasts as an approximation for them.

In sequence this method performs:

• compute historical forecasts for each series or use pre-computed historical_forecasts (see historical_forecasts() for more details). How the historical forecasts are generated can be configured with parameters num_samples, train_length, start, start_format, forecast_horizon, stride, retrain, last_points_only, fit_kwargs, and predict_kwargs.

• compute a backtest using a “per time step” metric between the historical forecasts and series per component/column and time step (see backtest() for more details). By default, uses the residuals err() as a metric.

• create and return TimeSeries (or simply a np.ndarray with values_only=True) with the time index from historical forecasts, and values from the metrics per component and time step.

This method works for single or multiple univariate or multivariate series. It uses the median prediction (when dealing with stochastic forecasts).

Parameters

• series (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries]]) – The univariate TimeSeries instance which the residuals will be computed for.

• past_covariates (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries], None]) – One or several past-observed covariate time series.

• future_covariates (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries], None]) – One or several future-known covariate time series.

• forecast_horizon (int) – The forecasting horizon used to predict each fitted value.

• historical_forecasts (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries], Sequence[Sequence[TimeSeries]], None]) – Optionally, the (or a sequence of / a sequence of sequences of) historical forecasts time series to be evaluated. Corresponds to the output of historical_forecasts(). The same series and last_points_only values must be passed that were used to generate the historical forecasts. If provided, will skip historical forecasting and ignore all parameters except series, last_points_only, metric, and reduction.

• num_samples (int) – Number of times a prediction is sampled from a probabilistic model. Use values >1 only for probabilistic models.

• train_length (Optional[int]) – Number of time steps in our training set (size of backtesting window to train on). Only effective when retrain is not False. Default is set to train_length=None where it takes all available time steps up until prediction time, otherwise the moving window strategy is used. If larger than the number of time steps available, all steps up until prediction time are used, as in default case. Needs to be at least min_train_series_length.

• start (Union[Timestamp, float, int, None]) –

  Optionally, the first point in time at which a prediction is computed. This parameter supports: float, int, pandas.Timestamp, and None. If a float, it is the proportion of the time series that should lie before the first prediction point. If an int, it is either the index position of the first prediction point for series with a pd.DatetimeIndex, or the index value for series with a pd.RangeIndex. The latter can be changed to the index position with start_format=”position”. If a pandas.Timestamp, it is the time stamp of the first prediction point. If None, the first prediction point will automatically be set to:

  • the first predictable point if retrain is False, or retrain is a Callable and the first predictable point is earlier than the first trainable point.

  • the first trainable point if retrain is True or int (given train_length), or retrain is a Callable and the first trainable point is earlier than the first predictable point.

  • the first trainable point (given train_length) otherwise

  Note: Raises a ValueError if start yields a time outside the time index of series. Note: If start is outside the possible historical forecasting times, will ignore the parameter (default behavior with None) and start at the first trainable/predictable point.

• start_format (Literal[‘position’, ‘value’]) – Defines the start format. Only effective when start is an integer and series is indexed with a pd.RangeIndex. If set to ‘position’, start corresponds to the index position of the first predicted point and can range from (-len(series), len(series) - 1). If set to ‘value’, start corresponds to the index value/label of the first predicted point. Will raise an error if the value is not in series’ index. Default: 'value'

• forecast_horizon – The forecast horizon for the point predictions.

• stride (int) – The number of time steps between two consecutive predictions.

• retrain (Union[bool, int, Callable[…, bool]]) –

  Whether and/or on which condition to retrain the model before predicting. This parameter supports 3 different datatypes: bool, (positive) int, and Callable (returning a bool). In the case of bool: retrain the model at each step (True), or never retrains the model (False). In the case of int: the model is retrained every retrain iterations. In the case of Callable: the model is retrained whenever callable returns True. The callable must have the following positional arguments:

  • counter (int): current retrain iteration

  • pred_time (pd.Timestamp or int): timestamp of forecast time (end of the training series)

  • train_series (TimeSeries): train series up to pred_time

  • past_covariates (TimeSeries): past_covariates series up to pred_time

  • future_covariates (TimeSeries): future_covariates series up to min(pred_time + series.freq * forecast_horizon, series.end_time())

  Note: if any optional *_covariates are not passed to historical_forecast, None will be passed to the corresponding retrain function argument. Note: some models do require being retrained every time and do not support anything other than retrain=True.

• last_points_only (bool) – Whether to use the whole historical forecasts or only the last point of each forecast to compute the error.

• metric (Callable[…, Union[float, List[float], ndarray, List[ndarray]]]) –

  Either one of Darts’ “per time step” metrics (see here), or a custom metric that has an identical signature as Darts’ “per time step” metrics, uses decorators multi_ts_support() and multi_ts_support(), and returns one value per time step.

• verbose (bool) – Whether to print progress.

• show_warnings (bool) – Whether to show warnings related to parameters start, and train_length.

• predict_likelihood_parameters (bool) – If set to True, the model predict the parameters of its Likelihood parameters instead of the target. Only supported for probabilistic models with likelihood=”quantile”, num_samples = 1 and n<=output_chunk_length. Default: False.

• enable_optimization (bool) – Whether to use the optimized version of historical_forecasts when supported and available. Default: True.

• metric_kwargs (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]) – Additional arguments passed to metric(), such as ‘n_jobs’ for parallelization, ‘m’ for scaled metrics, etc. Will pass arguments only if they are present in the corresponding metric signature. Ignores reduction arguments “series_reduction”, “component_reduction”, “time_reduction”, and parameter ‘insample’ for scaled metrics (e.g. mase`, rmsse, …), as they are handled internally.

• fit_kwargs (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]) – Additional arguments passed to the model fit() method.

• predict_kwargs (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]) – Additional arguments passed to the model predict() method.

• values_only (bool) – Whether to return the residuals as np.ndarray. If False, returns residuals as TimeSeries.

• sample_weight (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries], str, None]) – Optionally, some sample weights to apply to the target series labels for training. Only effective when retrain is not False. They are applied per observation, per label (each step in output_chunk_length), and per component. If a series or sequence of series, then those weights are used. If the weight series only have a single component / column, then the weights are applied globally to all components in series. Otherwise, for component-specific weights, the number of components must match those of series. If a string, then the weights are generated using built-in weighting functions. The available options are “linear” or “exponential” decay - the further in the past, the lower the weight. The weights are computed per time series.

Return type

Union[TimeSeries, List[TimeSeries], List[List[TimeSeries]]]

Returns

• TimeSeries – Residual TimeSeries for a single series and historical_forecasts generated with last_points_only=True.

• List[TimeSeries] – A list of residual TimeSeries for a sequence (list) of series with last_points_only=True. The residual list has length len(series).

• List[List[TimeSeries]] – A list of lists of residual TimeSeries for a sequence of series with last_points_only=False. The outer residual list has length len(series). The inner lists consist of the residuals from all possible series-specific historical forecasts.

save(path=None, **pkl_kwargs)

Saves the model under a given path or file handle.

Example for saving and loading a RegressionModel:

from darts.models import RegressionModel

model = RegressionModel(lags=4)

model.save("my_model.pkl")
model_loaded = RegressionModel.load("my_model.pkl")

Parameters

• path (Union[str, PathLike, BinaryIO, None]) – Path or file handle under which to save the model at its current state. If no path is specified, the model is automatically saved under "{ModelClass}_{YYYY-mm-dd_HH_MM_SS}.pkl". E.g., "RegressionModel_2020-01-01_12_00_00.pkl".

• pkl_kwargs – Keyword arguments passed to pickle.dump()

Return type

None

property supports_future_covariates: bool

Whether model supports future covariates

Return type

bool

property supports_likelihood_parameter_prediction: bool

Whether model instance supports direct prediction of likelihood parameters

Return type

bool

property supports_multivariate: bool

Whether the model considers more than one variate in the time series.

Return type

bool

property supports_optimized_historical_forecasts: bool

Whether the model supports optimized historical forecasts

Return type

bool

property supports_past_covariates: bool

Whether model supports past covariates

Return type

bool

property supports_probabilistic_prediction: bool

Checks if the forecasting model with this configuration supports probabilistic predictions.

By default, returns False. Needs to be overwritten by models that do support probabilistic predictions.

Return type

bool

property supports_sample_weight: bool

Whether model supports sample weight for training.

Return type

bool

property supports_static_covariates: bool

Whether model supports static covariates

Return type

bool

property supports_transferrable_series_prediction: bool

Whether the model supports prediction for any input series.

Return type

bool

property uses_future_covariates: bool

Whether the model uses future covariates, once fitted.

Return type

bool

property uses_past_covariates: bool

Whether the model uses past covariates, once fitted.

Return type

bool

property uses_static_covariates: bool

Whether the model uses static covariates, once fitted.

Return type

bool

class darts.models.forecasting.tbats_model.TBATS(use_box_cox=None, box_cox_bounds=(0, 1), use_trend=None, use_damped_trend=None, seasonal_periods='freq', use_arma_errors=True, show_warnings=False, n_jobs=None, multiprocessing_start_method='spawn', random_state=0)

Bases: _BaseBatsTbatsModel

This is a wrapper around tbats.

This implementation also provides naive frequency inference (when “freq” is provided for seasonal_periods), as well as Darts-compatible sampling of the resulting normal distribution.

For convenience, the tbats documentation of the parameters is reported here.

Parameters

• use_box_cox (Optional[bool]) – If Box-Cox transformation of original series should be applied. When None both cases shall be considered and better is selected by AIC.

• box_cox_bounds (Tuple) – Minimal and maximal Box-Cox parameter values.

• use_trend (Optional[bool]) – Indicates whether to include a trend or not. When None, both cases shall be considered and the better one is selected by AIC.

• use_damped_trend (Optional[bool]) – Indicates whether to include a damping parameter in the trend or not. Applies only when trend is used. When None, both cases shall be considered and the better one is selected by AIC.

• seasonal_periods (Union[str, List, None]) – Length of each of the periods (amount of observations in each period). TBATS accepts int and float values here. BATS accepts only int values. When None or empty array, non-seasonal model shall be fitted. If set to "freq", a single “naive” seasonality based on the series frequency will be used (e.g. [12] for monthly series). In this latter case, the seasonality will be recomputed every time the model is fit.

• use_arma_errors (Optional[bool]) – When True BATS will try to improve the model by modelling residuals with ARMA. Best model will be selected by AIC. If False, ARMA residuals modeling will not be considered.

• show_warnings (bool) – If warnings should be shown or not.

• n_jobs (Optional[int]) – How many jobs to run in parallel when fitting BATS model. When not provided BATS shall try to utilize all available cpu cores.

• multiprocessing_start_method (Optional[str]) – How threads should be started. See https://docs.python.org/3/library/multiprocessing.html#contexts-and-start-methods

• random_state (int) – Sets the underlying random seed at model initialization time.

Examples

>>> from darts.datasets import AirPassengersDataset
>>> from darts.models import TBATS # or BATS
>>> series = AirPassengersDataset().load()
>>> # based on preliminary analysis, the series contains a trend
>>> model = TBATS(use_trend=True)
>>> model.fit(series)
>>> pred = model.predict(6)
>>> pred.values()
array([[448.29856017],
       [439.42215052],
       [507.73465028],
       [493.03751671],
       [498.85885374],
       [564.64871897]])

Attributes

considers_static_covariates	Whether the model considers static covariates, if there are any.
extreme_lags	A 8-tuple containing in order: (min target lag, max target lag, min past covariate lag, max past covariate lag, min future covariate lag, max future covariate lag, output shift, max target lag train (only for RNNModel)).
min_train_samples	The minimum number of samples for training the model.
output_chunk_length	Number of time steps predicted at once by the model, not defined for statistical models.
output_chunk_shift	Number of time steps that the output/prediction starts after the end of the input.
supports_future_covariates	Whether model supports future covariates
supports_likelihood_parameter_prediction	Whether model instance supports direct prediction of likelihood parameters
supports_multivariate	Whether the model considers more than one variate in the time series.
supports_optimized_historical_forecasts	Whether the model supports optimized historical forecasts
supports_past_covariates	Whether model supports past covariates
supports_probabilistic_prediction	Checks if the forecasting model with this configuration supports probabilistic predictions.
supports_sample_weight	Whether model supports sample weight for training.
supports_static_covariates	Whether model supports static covariates
supports_transferrable_series_prediction	Whether the model supports prediction for any input series.
uses_future_covariates	Whether the model uses future covariates, once fitted.
uses_past_covariates	Whether the model uses past covariates, once fitted.
uses_static_covariates	Whether the model uses static covariates, once fitted.

model_params

Methods

backtest(series[, past_covariates, ...])	Compute error values that the model would have produced when used on (potentially multiple) series.
fit(series)	Fit/train the model on the provided series.
generate_fit_encodings(series[, ...])	Generates the covariate encodings that were used/generated for fitting the model and returns a tuple of past, and future covariates series with the original and encoded covariates stacked together.
generate_fit_predict_encodings(n, series[, ...])	Generates covariate encodings for training and inference/prediction and returns a tuple of past, and future covariates series with the original and encoded covariates stacked together.
generate_predict_encodings(n, series[, ...])	Generates covariate encodings for the inference/prediction set and returns a tuple of past, and future covariates series with the original and encoded covariates stacked together.
gridsearch(parameters, series[, ...])	Find the best hyper-parameters among a given set using a grid search.
historical_forecasts(series[, ...])	Compute the historical forecasts that would have been obtained by this model on (potentially multiple) series.
load(path)	Loads the model from a given path or file handle.
predict(n[, num_samples, verbose, show_warnings])	Forecasts values for n time steps after the end of the training series.
residuals(series[, past_covariates, ...])	Compute the residuals produced by this model on a (or sequence of) TimeSeries.
save([path])	Saves the model under a given path or file handle.

backtest(series, past_covariates=None, future_covariates=None, historical_forecasts=None, num_samples=1, train_length=None, start=None, start_format='value', forecast_horizon=1, stride=1, retrain=True, overlap_end=False, last_points_only=False, metric=<function mape>, reduction=<function mean>, verbose=False, show_warnings=True, predict_likelihood_parameters=False, enable_optimization=True, metric_kwargs=None, fit_kwargs=None, predict_kwargs=None, sample_weight=None)

Compute error values that the model would have produced when used on (potentially multiple) series.

If historical_forecasts are provided, the metric (given by the metric function) is evaluated directly on the forecast and the actual values. The same series must be passed that was used to generate the historical forecasts. Otherwise, it repeatedly builds a training set: either expanding from the beginning of series or moving with a fixed length train_length. It trains the current model on the training set, emits a forecast of length equal to forecast_horizon, and then moves the end of the training set forward by stride time steps. The metric is then evaluated on the forecast and the actual values. Finally, the method returns a reduction (the mean by default) of all these metric scores.

By default, this method uses each historical forecast (whole) to compute error scores. If last_points_only is set to True, it will use only the last point of each historical forecast. In this case, no reduction is used.

By default, this method always re-trains the models on the entire available history, corresponding to an expanding window strategy. If retrain is set to False (useful for models for which training might be time-consuming, such as deep learning models), the trained model will be used directly to emit the forecasts.

Parameters

• series (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries]]) – The (or a sequence of) target time series used to successively train and evaluate the historical forecasts.

• past_covariates (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries], None]) – Optionally, one (or a sequence of) past-observed covariate series. This applies only if the model supports past covariates.

• future_covariates (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries], None]) – Optionally, one (or a sequence of) future-known covariate series. This applies only if the model supports future covariates.

• historical_forecasts (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries], Sequence[Sequence[TimeSeries]], None]) – Optionally, the (or a sequence of / a sequence of sequences of) historical forecasts time series to be evaluated. Corresponds to the output of historical_forecasts(). The same series and last_points_only values must be passed that were used to generate the historical forecasts. If provided, will skip historical forecasting and ignore all parameters except series, last_points_only, metric, and reduction.

• num_samples (int) – Number of times a prediction is sampled from a probabilistic model. Use values >1 only for probabilistic models.

• train_length (Optional[int]) – Number of time steps in our training set (size of backtesting window to train on). Only effective when retrain is not False. Default is set to train_length=None where it takes all available time steps up until prediction time, otherwise the moving window strategy is used. If larger than the number of time steps available, all steps up until prediction time are used, as in default case. Needs to be at least min_train_series_length.

• start (Union[Timestamp, float, int, None]) –

  Optionally, the first point in time at which a prediction is computed. This parameter supports: float, int, pandas.Timestamp, and None. If a float, it is the proportion of the time series that should lie before the first prediction point. If an int, it is either the index position of the first prediction point for series with a pd.DatetimeIndex, or the index value for series with a pd.RangeIndex. The latter can be changed to the index position with start_format=”position”. If a pandas.Timestamp, it is the time stamp of the first prediction point. If None, the first prediction point will automatically be set to:

  • the first predictable point if retrain is False, or retrain is a Callable and the first predictable point is earlier than the first trainable point.

  • the first trainable point if retrain is True or int (given train_length), or retrain is a Callable and the first trainable point is earlier than the first predictable point.

  • the first trainable point (given train_length) otherwise

  Note: Raises a ValueError if start yields a time outside the time index of series. Note: If start is outside the possible historical forecasting times, will ignore the parameter (default behavior with None) and start at the first trainable/predictable point.

• start_format (Literal[‘position’, ‘value’]) – Defines the start format. Only effective when start is an integer and series is indexed with a pd.RangeIndex. If set to ‘position’, start corresponds to the index position of the first predicted point and can range from (-len(series), len(series) - 1). If set to ‘value’, start corresponds to the index value/label of the first predicted point. Will raise an error if the value is not in series’ index. Default: 'value'

• forecast_horizon (int) – The forecast horizon for the point predictions.

• stride (int) – The number of time steps between two consecutive predictions.

• retrain (Union[bool, int, Callable[…, bool]]) –

  Whether and/or on which condition to retrain the model before predicting. This parameter supports 3 different datatypes: bool, (positive) int, and Callable (returning a bool). In the case of bool: retrain the model at each step (True), or never retrains the model (False). In the case of int: the model is retrained every retrain iterations. In the case of Callable: the model is retrained whenever callable returns True. The callable must have the following positional arguments:

  • counter (int): current retrain iteration

  • pred_time (pd.Timestamp or int): timestamp of forecast time (end of the training series)

  • train_series (TimeSeries): train series up to pred_time

  • past_covariates (TimeSeries): past_covariates series up to pred_time

  • future_covariates (TimeSeries): future_covariates series up to min(pred_time + series.freq * forecast_horizon, series.end_time())

  Note: if any optional *_covariates are not passed to historical_forecast, None will be passed to the corresponding retrain function argument. Note: some models do require being retrained every time and do not support anything other than retrain=True.

• overlap_end (bool) – Whether the returned forecasts can go beyond the series’ end or not.

• last_points_only (bool) – Whether to use the whole historical forecasts or only the last point of each forecast to compute the error.

• metric (Union[Callable[…, Union[float, List[float], ndarray, List[ndarray]]], List[Callable[…, Union[float, List[float], ndarray, List[ndarray]]]]]) –

  A metric function or a list of metric functions. Each metric must either be a Darts metric (see here), or a custom metric that has an identical signature as Darts’ metrics, uses decorators multi_ts_support() and multi_ts_support(), and returns the metric score.

• reduction (Optional[Callable[…, float]]) – A function used to combine the individual error scores obtained when last_points_only is set to False. When providing several metric functions, the function will receive the argument axis = 1 to obtain single value for each metric function. If explicitly set to None, the method will return a list of the individual error scores instead. Set to np.mean by default.

• verbose (bool) – Whether to print progress.

• show_warnings (bool) – Whether to show warnings related to parameters start, and train_length.

• predict_likelihood_parameters (bool) – If set to True, the model predict the parameters of its Likelihood parameters instead of the target. Only supported for probabilistic models with likelihood=”quantile”, num_samples = 1 and n<=output_chunk_length. Default: False.

• enable_optimization (bool) – Whether to use the optimized version of historical_forecasts when supported and available. Default: True.

• metric_kwargs (Union[Dict[str, Any], List[Dict[str, Any]], None]) – Additional arguments passed to metric(), such as ‘n_jobs’ for parallelization, ‘component_reduction’ for reducing the component wise metrics, seasonality ‘m’ for scaled metrics, etc. Will pass arguments to each metric separately and only if they are present in the corresponding metric signature. Parameter ‘insample’ for scaled metrics (e.g. mase`, rmsse, …) is ignored, as it is handled internally.

• fit_kwargs (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]) – Additional arguments passed to the model fit() method.

• predict_kwargs (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]) – Additional arguments passed to the model predict() method.

• sample_weight (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries], str, None]) – Optionally, some sample weights to apply to the target series labels for training. Only effective when retrain is not False. They are applied per observation, per label (each step in output_chunk_length), and per component. If a series or sequence of series, then those weights are used. If the weight series only have a single component / column, then the weights are applied globally to all components in series. Otherwise, for component-specific weights, the number of components must match those of series. If a string, then the weights are generated using built-in weighting functions. The available options are “linear” or “exponential” decay - the further in the past, the lower the weight. The weights are computed per time series.

Return type

Union[float, ndarray, List[float], List[ndarray]]

Returns

• float – A single backtest score for single uni/multivariate series, a single metric function and:

  • historical_forecasts generated with last_points_only=True

  • historical_forecasts generated with last_points_only=False and using a backtest reduction

• np.ndarray – An numpy array of backtest scores. For single series and one of:

  • a single metric function, historical_forecasts generated with last_points_only=False and backtest reduction=None. The output has shape (n forecasts, *).

  • multiple metric functions and historical_forecasts generated with last_points_only=False. The output has shape (*, n metrics) when using a backtest reduction, and (n forecasts, *, n metrics) when reduction=None

  • multiple uni/multivariate series including series_reduction and at least one of component_reduction=None or time_reduction=None for “per time step metrics”

• List[float] – Same as for type float but for a sequence of series. The returned metric list has length len(series) with the float metric for each input series.

• List[np.ndarray] – Same as for type np.ndarray but for a sequence of series. The returned metric list has length len(series) with the np.ndarray metrics for each input series.

property considers_static_covariates: bool

Whether the model considers static covariates, if there are any.

Return type

bool

property extreme_lags: Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int], Optional[int], Optional[int], Optional[int], Optional[int], int, Optional[int]]

A 8-tuple containing in order: (min target lag, max target lag, min past covariate lag, max past covariate lag, min future covariate lag, max future covariate lag, output shift, max target lag train (only for RNNModel)). If 0 is the index of the first prediction, then all lags are relative to this index.

See examples below.

If the model wasn’t fitted with:

• target (concerning RegressionModels only): then the first element should be None.

• past covariates: then the third and fourth elements should be None.

• future covariates: then the fifth and sixth elements should be None.

Should be overridden by models that use past or future covariates, and/or for model that have minimum target lag and maximum target lags potentially different from -1 and 0.

Notes

maximum target lag (second value) cannot be None and is always larger than or equal to 0.

Examples

>>> model = LinearRegressionModel(lags=3, output_chunk_length=2)
>>> model.fit(train_series)
>>> model.extreme_lags
(-3, 1, None, None, None, None, 0, None)
>>> model = LinearRegressionModel(lags=3, output_chunk_length=2, output_chunk_shift=2)
>>> model.fit(train_series)
>>> model.extreme_lags
(-3, 1, None, None, None, None, 2, None)
>>> model = LinearRegressionModel(lags=[-3, -5], lags_past_covariates = 4, output_chunk_length=7)
>>> model.fit(train_series, past_covariates=past_covariates)
>>> model.extreme_lags
(-5, 6, -4, -1,  None, None, 0, None)
>>> model = LinearRegressionModel(lags=[3, 5], lags_future_covariates = [4, 6], output_chunk_length=7)
>>> model.fit(train_series, future_covariates=future_covariates)
>>> model.extreme_lags
(-5, 6, None, None, 4, 6, 0, None)
>>> model = NBEATSModel(input_chunk_length=10, output_chunk_length=7)
>>> model.fit(train_series)
>>> model.extreme_lags
(-10, 6, None, None, None, None, 0, None)
>>> model = NBEATSModel(input_chunk_length=10, output_chunk_length=7, lags_future_covariates=[4, 6])
>>> model.fit(train_series, future_covariates)
>>> model.extreme_lags
(-10, 6, None, None, 4, 6, 0, None)

Return type

Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int], Optional[int], Optional[int], Optional[int], Optional[int], int, Optional[int]]

fit(series)

Fit/train the model on the provided series.

Parameters

series (TimeSeries) – A target time series. The model will be trained to forecast this time series.

Returns

Fitted model.

Return type

self

generate_fit_encodings(series, past_covariates=None, future_covariates=None)

Generates the covariate encodings that were used/generated for fitting the model and returns a tuple of past, and future covariates series with the original and encoded covariates stacked together. The encodings are generated by the encoders defined at model creation with parameter add_encoders. Pass the same series, past_covariates, and future_covariates that you used to train/fit the model.

Parameters

• series (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries]]) – The series or sequence of series with the target values used when fitting the model.

• past_covariates (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries], None]) – Optionally, the series or sequence of series with the past-observed covariates used when fitting the model.

• future_covariates (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries], None]) – Optionally, the series or sequence of series with the future-known covariates used when fitting the model.

Returns

A tuple of (past covariates, future covariates). Each covariate contains the original as well as the encoded covariates.

Return type

Tuple[Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries]], Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries]]]

generate_fit_predict_encodings(n, series, past_covariates=None, future_covariates=None)

Generates covariate encodings for training and inference/prediction and returns a tuple of past, and future covariates series with the original and encoded covariates stacked together. The encodings are generated by the encoders defined at model creation with parameter add_encoders. Pass the same series, past_covariates, and future_covariates that you intend to use for training and prediction.

Parameters

• n (int) – The number of prediction time steps after the end of series intended to be used for prediction.

• series (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries]]) – The series or sequence of series with target values intended to be used for training and prediction.

• past_covariates (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries], None]) – Optionally, the past-observed covariates series intended to be used for training and prediction. The dimensions must match those of the covariates used for training.

• future_covariates (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries], None]) – Optionally, the future-known covariates series intended to be used for prediction. The dimensions must match those of the covariates used for training.

Returns

A tuple of (past covariates, future covariates). Each covariate contains the original as well as the encoded covariates.

Return type

Tuple[Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries]], Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries]]]

generate_predict_encodings(n, series, past_covariates=None, future_covariates=None)

Generates covariate encodings for the inference/prediction set and returns a tuple of past, and future covariates series with the original and encoded covariates stacked together. The encodings are generated by the encoders defined at model creation with parameter add_encoders. Pass the same series, past_covariates, and future_covariates that you intend to use for prediction.

Parameters

• n (int) – The number of prediction time steps after the end of series intended to be used for prediction.

• series (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries]]) – The series or sequence of series with target values intended to be used for prediction.

• past_covariates (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries], None]) – Optionally, the past-observed covariates series intended to be used for prediction. The dimensions must match those of the covariates used for training.

• future_covariates (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries], None]) – Optionally, the future-known covariates series intended to be used for prediction. The dimensions must match those of the covariates used for training.

Returns

A tuple of (past covariates, future covariates). Each covariate contains the original as well as the encoded covariates.

Return type

Tuple[Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries]], Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries]]]

classmethod gridsearch(parameters, series, past_covariates=None, future_covariates=None, forecast_horizon=None, stride=1, start=None, start_format='value', last_points_only=False, show_warnings=True, val_series=None, use_fitted_values=False, metric=<function mape>, reduction=<function mean>, verbose=False, n_jobs=1, n_random_samples=None, fit_kwargs=None, predict_kwargs=None, sample_weight=None)

Find the best hyper-parameters among a given set using a grid search.

This function has 3 modes of operation: Expanding window mode, split mode and fitted value mode. The three modes of operation evaluate every possible combination of hyper-parameter values provided in the parameters dictionary by instantiating the model_class subclass of ForecastingModel with each combination, and returning the best-performing model with regard to the metric function. The metric function is expected to return an error value, thus the model resulting in the smallest metric output will be chosen.

The relationship of the training data and test data depends on the mode of operation.

Expanding window mode (activated when forecast_horizon is passed): For every hyperparameter combination, the model is repeatedly trained and evaluated on different splits of series. This process is accomplished by using the backtest() function as a subroutine to produce historic forecasts starting from start that are compared against the ground truth values of series. Note that the model is retrained for every single prediction, thus this mode is slower.

Split window mode (activated when val_series is passed): This mode will be used when the val_series argument is passed. For every hyper-parameter combination, the model is trained on series and evaluated on val_series.

Fitted value mode (activated when use_fitted_values is set to True): For every hyper-parameter combination, the model is trained on series and evaluated on the resulting fitted values. Not all models have fitted values, and this method raises an error if the model doesn’t have a fitted_values member. The fitted values are the result of the fit of the model on series. Comparing with the fitted values can be a quick way to assess the model, but one cannot see if the model is overfitting the series.

Derived classes must ensure that a single instance of a model will not share parameters with the other instances, e.g., saving models in the same path. Otherwise, an unexpected behavior can arise while running several models in parallel (when n_jobs != 1). If this cannot be avoided, then gridsearch should be redefined, forcing n_jobs = 1.

Currently this method only supports deterministic predictions (i.e. when models’ predictions have only 1 sample).

Parameters

• model_class – The ForecastingModel subclass to be tuned for ‘series’.

• parameters (dict) – A dictionary containing as keys hyperparameter names, and as values lists of values for the respective hyperparameter.

• series (TimeSeries) – The target series used as input and target for training.

• past_covariates (Optional[TimeSeries]) – Optionally, a past-observed covariate series. This applies only if the model supports past covariates.

• future_covariates (Optional[TimeSeries]) – Optionally, a future-known covariate series. This applies only if the model supports future covariates.

• forecast_horizon (Optional[int]) – The integer value of the forecasting horizon. Activates expanding window mode.

• stride (int) – Only used in expanding window mode. The number of time steps between two consecutive predictions.

• start (Union[Timestamp, float, int, None]) –

  Only used in expanding window mode. Optionally, the first point in time at which a prediction is computed. This parameter supports: float, int, pandas.Timestamp, and None. If a float, it is the proportion of the time series that should lie before the first prediction point. If an int, it is either the index position of the first prediction point for series with a pd.DatetimeIndex, or the index value for series with a pd.RangeIndex. The latter can be changed to the index position with start_format=”position”. If a pandas.Timestamp, it is the time stamp of the first prediction point. If None, the first prediction point will automatically be set to:

  • the first predictable point if retrain is False, or retrain is a Callable and the first predictable point is earlier than the first trainable point.

  • the first trainable point if retrain is True or int (given train_length), or retrain is a Callable and the first trainable point is earlier than the first predictable point.

  • the first trainable point (given train_length) otherwise

  Note: Raises a ValueError if start yields a time outside the time index of series. Note: If start is outside the possible historical forecasting times, will ignore the parameter (default behavior with None) and start at the first trainable/predictable point.

• start_format (Literal[‘position’, ‘value’]) – Only used in expanding window mode. Defines the start format. Only effective when start is an integer and series is indexed with a pd.RangeIndex. If set to ‘position’, start corresponds to the index position of the first predicted point and can range from (-len(series), len(series) - 1). If set to ‘value’, start corresponds to the index value/label of the first predicted point. Will raise an error if the value is not in series’ index. Default: 'value'

• last_points_only (bool) – Only used in expanding window mode. Whether to use the whole forecasts or only the last point of each forecast to compute the error.

• show_warnings (bool) – Only used in expanding window mode. Whether to show warnings related to the start parameter.

• val_series (Optional[TimeSeries]) – The TimeSeries instance used for validation in split mode. If provided, this series must start right after the end of series; so that a proper comparison of the forecast can be made.

• use_fitted_values (bool) – If True, uses the comparison with the fitted values. Raises an error if fitted_values is not an attribute of model_class.

• metric (Callable[[TimeSeries, TimeSeries], float]) –

  A metric function that returns the error between two TimeSeries as a float value . Must either be one of Darts’ “aggregated over time” metrics (see here), or a custom metric that as input two TimeSeries and returns the error

• reduction (Callable[[ndarray], float]) – A reduction function (mapping array to float) describing how to aggregate the errors obtained on the different validation series when backtesting. By default it’ll compute the mean of errors.

• verbose – Whether to print progress.

• n_jobs (int) – The number of jobs to run in parallel. Parallel jobs are created only when there are two or more parameters combinations to evaluate. Each job will instantiate, train, and evaluate a different instance of the model. Defaults to 1 (sequential). Setting the parameter to -1 means using all the available cores.

• n_random_samples (Union[int, float, None]) – The number/ratio of hyperparameter combinations to select from the full parameter grid. This will perform a random search instead of using the full grid. If an integer, n_random_samples is the number of parameter combinations selected from the full grid and must be between 0 and the total number of parameter combinations. If a float, n_random_samples is the ratio of parameter combinations selected from the full grid and must be between 0 and 1. Defaults to None, for which random selection will be ignored.

• fit_kwargs (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]) – Additional arguments passed to the model fit() method.

• predict_kwargs (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]) – Additional arguments passed to the model predict() method.

• sample_weight (Union[TimeSeries, str, None]) – Optionally, some sample weights to apply to the target series labels for training. Only effective when retrain is not False. They are applied per observation, per label (each step in output_chunk_length), and per component. If a series, then those weights are used. If the weight series only have a single component / column, then the weights are applied globally to all components in series. Otherwise, for component-specific weights, the number of components must match those of series. If a string, then the weights are generated using built-in weighting functions. The available options are “linear” or “exponential” decay - the further in the past, the lower the weight.

Returns

A tuple containing an untrained model_class instance created from the best-performing hyper-parameters, along with a dictionary containing these best hyper-parameters, and metric score for the best hyper-parameters.

Return type

ForecastingModel, Dict, float

historical_forecasts(series, past_covariates=None, future_covariates=None, num_samples=1, train_length=None, start=None, start_format='value', forecast_horizon=1, stride=1, retrain=True, overlap_end=False, last_points_only=True, verbose=False, show_warnings=True, predict_likelihood_parameters=False, enable_optimization=True, fit_kwargs=None, predict_kwargs=None, sample_weight=None)

Compute the historical forecasts that would have been obtained by this model on (potentially multiple) series.

This method repeatedly builds a training set: either expanding from the beginning of series or moving with a fixed length train_length. It trains the model on the training set, emits a forecast of length equal to forecast_horizon, and then moves the end of the training set forward by stride time steps.

By default, this method will return one (or a sequence of) single time series made up of the last point of each historical forecast. This time series will thus have a frequency of series.freq * stride. If last_points_only is set to False, it will instead return one (or a sequence of) list of the historical forecasts series.

By default, this method always re-trains the models on the entire available history, corresponding to an expanding window strategy. If retrain is set to False, the model must have been fit before. This is not supported by all models.

Parameters

• series (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries]]) – The (or a sequence of) target time series used to successively train and compute the historical forecasts.

• past_covariates (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries], None]) – Optionally, one (or a sequence of) past-observed covariate series. This applies only if the model supports past covariates.

• future_covariates (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries], None]) – Optionally, one (or a sequence of) of future-known covariate series. This applies only if the model supports future covariates.

• num_samples (int) – Number of times a prediction is sampled from a probabilistic model. Use values >1 only for probabilistic models.

• train_length (Optional[int]) – Number of time steps in our training set (size of backtesting window to train on). Only effective when retrain is not False. Default is set to train_length=None where it takes all available time steps up until prediction time, otherwise the moving window strategy is used. If larger than the number of time steps available, all steps up until prediction time are used, as in default case. Needs to be at least min_train_series_length.

• start (Union[Timestamp, float, int, None]) –

  Optionally, the first point in time at which a prediction is computed. This parameter supports: float, int, pandas.Timestamp, and None. If a float, it is the proportion of the time series that should lie before the first prediction point. If an int, it is either the index position of the first prediction point for series with a pd.DatetimeIndex, or the index value for series with a pd.RangeIndex. The latter can be changed to the index position with start_format=”position”. If a pandas.Timestamp, it is the time stamp of the first prediction point. If None, the first prediction point will automatically be set to:

  • the first predictable point if retrain is False, or retrain is a Callable and the first predictable point is earlier than the first trainable point.

  • the first trainable point if retrain is True or int (given train_length), or retrain is a Callable and the first trainable point is earlier than the first predictable point.

  • the first trainable point (given train_length) otherwise

  Note: If the model uses a shifted output (output_chunk_shift > 0), then the first predicted point is also shifted by output_chunk_shift points into the future. Note: Raises a ValueError if start yields a time outside the time index of series. Note: If start is outside the possible historical forecasting times, will ignore the parameter (default behavior with None) and start at the first trainable/predictable point.

• start_format (Literal[‘position’, ‘value’]) – Defines the start format. Only effective when start is an integer and series is indexed with a pd.RangeIndex. If set to ‘position’, start corresponds to the index position of the first predicted point and can range from (-len(series), len(series) - 1). If set to ‘value’, start corresponds to the index value/label of the first predicted point. Will raise an error if the value is not in series’ index. Default: 'value'

• forecast_horizon (int) – The forecast horizon for the predictions.

• stride (int) – The number of time steps between two consecutive predictions.

• retrain (Union[bool, int, Callable[…, bool]]) –

  Whether and/or on which condition to retrain the model before predicting. This parameter supports 3 different datatypes: bool, (positive) int, and Callable (returning a bool). In the case of bool: retrain the model at each step (True), or never retrains the model (False). In the case of int: the model is retrained every retrain iterations. In the case of Callable: the model is retrained whenever callable returns True. The callable must have the following positional arguments:

  • counter (int): current retrain iteration

  • pred_time (pd.Timestamp or int): timestamp of forecast time (end of the training series)

  • train_series (TimeSeries): train series up to pred_time

  • past_covariates (TimeSeries): past_covariates series up to pred_time

  • future_covariates (TimeSeries): future_covariates series up to min(pred_time + series.freq * forecast_horizon, series.end_time())

  Note: if any optional *_covariates are not passed to historical_forecast, None will be passed to the corresponding retrain function argument. Note: some models do require being retrained every time and do not support anything other than retrain=True.

• overlap_end (bool) – Whether the returned forecasts can go beyond the series’ end or not.

• last_points_only (bool) – Whether to retain only the last point of each historical forecast. If set to True, the method returns a single TimeSeries containing the successive point forecasts. Otherwise, returns a list of historical TimeSeries forecasts.

• verbose (bool) – Whether to print progress.

• show_warnings (bool) – Whether to show warnings related to historical forecasts optimization, or parameters start and train_length.

• predict_likelihood_parameters (bool) – If set to True, the model predict the parameters of its Likelihood parameters instead of the target. Only supported for probabilistic models with a likelihood, num_samples = 1 and n<=output_chunk_length. Default: False

• enable_optimization (bool) – Whether to use the optimized version of historical_forecasts when supported and available. Default: True.

• fit_kwargs (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]) – Additional arguments passed to the model fit() method.

• predict_kwargs (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]) – Additional arguments passed to the model predict() method.

• sample_weight (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries], str, None]) – Optionally, some sample weights to apply to the target series labels for training. Only effective when retrain is not False. They are applied per observation, per label (each step in output_chunk_length), and per component. If a series or sequence of series, then those weights are used. If the weight series only have a single component / column, then the weights are applied globally to all components in series. Otherwise, for component-specific weights, the number of components must match those of series. If a string, then the weights are generated using built-in weighting functions. The available options are “linear” or “exponential” decay - the further in the past, the lower the weight. The weights are computed per time series.

Return type

Union[TimeSeries, List[TimeSeries], List[List[TimeSeries]]]

Returns

• TimeSeries – A single historical forecast for a single series and last_points_only=True: it contains only the predictions at step forecast_horizon from all historical forecasts.

• List[TimeSeries] – A list of historical forecasts for:

  • a sequence (list) of series and last_points_only=True: for each series, it contains only the predictions at step forecast_horizon from all historical forecasts.

  • a single series and last_points_only=False: for each historical forecast, it contains the entire horizon forecast_horizon.

• List[List[TimeSeries]] – A list of lists of historical forecasts for a sequence of series and last_points_only=False. For each series, and historical forecast, it contains the entire horizon forecast_horizon. The outer list is over the series provided in the input sequence, and the inner lists contain the historical forecasts for each series.

static load(path)

Loads the model from a given path or file handle.

Parameters

path (Union[str, PathLike, BinaryIO]) – Path or file handle from which to load the model.

Return type

ForecastingModel

property min_train_samples: int

The minimum number of samples for training the model.

Return type

int

property model_params: dict

Return type

dict

property output_chunk_length: Optional[int]

Number of time steps predicted at once by the model, not defined for statistical models.

Return type

Optional[int]

property output_chunk_shift: int

Number of time steps that the output/prediction starts after the end of the input.

Return type

int

predict(n, num_samples=1, verbose=False, show_warnings=True)

Forecasts values for n time steps after the end of the training series.

Parameters

• n (int) – Forecast horizon - the number of time steps after the end of the series for which to produce predictions.

• num_samples (int) – Number of times a prediction is sampled from a probabilistic model. Should be left set to 1 for deterministic models.

• verbose (bool) – Optionally, set the prediction verbosity. Not effective for all models.

• show_warnings (bool) – Optionally, control whether warnings are shown. Not effective for all models.

Returns

A time series containing the n next points after then end of the training series.

Return type

TimeSeries

residuals(series, past_covariates=None, future_covariates=None, historical_forecasts=None, num_samples=1, train_length=None, start=None, start_format='value', forecast_horizon=1, stride=1, retrain=True, last_points_only=True, metric=<function err>, verbose=False, show_warnings=True, predict_likelihood_parameters=False, enable_optimization=True, metric_kwargs=None, fit_kwargs=None, predict_kwargs=None, values_only=False, sample_weight=None)

Compute the residuals produced by this model on a (or sequence of) TimeSeries.

This function computes the difference (or one of Darts’ “per time step” metrics) between the actual observations from series and the fitted values obtained by training the model on series (or using a pre-trained model with retrain=False). Not all models support fitted values, so we use historical forecasts as an approximation for them.

In sequence this method performs:

• compute historical forecasts for each series or use pre-computed historical_forecasts (see historical_forecasts() for more details). How the historical forecasts are generated can be configured with parameters num_samples, train_length, start, start_format, forecast_horizon, stride, retrain, last_points_only, fit_kwargs, and predict_kwargs.

• compute a backtest using a “per time step” metric between the historical forecasts and series per component/column and time step (see backtest() for more details). By default, uses the residuals err() as a metric.

• create and return TimeSeries (or simply a np.ndarray with values_only=True) with the time index from historical forecasts, and values from the metrics per component and time step.

This method works for single or multiple univariate or multivariate series. It uses the median prediction (when dealing with stochastic forecasts).

Parameters

• series (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries]]) – The univariate TimeSeries instance which the residuals will be computed for.

• past_covariates (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries], None]) – One or several past-observed covariate time series.

• future_covariates (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries], None]) – One or several future-known covariate time series.

• forecast_horizon (int) – The forecasting horizon used to predict each fitted value.

• historical_forecasts (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries], Sequence[Sequence[TimeSeries]], None]) – Optionally, the (or a sequence of / a sequence of sequences of) historical forecasts time series to be evaluated. Corresponds to the output of historical_forecasts(). The same series and last_points_only values must be passed that were used to generate the historical forecasts. If provided, will skip historical forecasting and ignore all parameters except series, last_points_only, metric, and reduction.

• num_samples (int) – Number of times a prediction is sampled from a probabilistic model. Use values >1 only for probabilistic models.

• train_length (Optional[int]) – Number of time steps in our training set (size of backtesting window to train on). Only effective when retrain is not False. Default is set to train_length=None where it takes all available time steps up until prediction time, otherwise the moving window strategy is used. If larger than the number of time steps available, all steps up until prediction time are used, as in default case. Needs to be at least min_train_series_length.

• start (Union[Timestamp, float, int, None]) –

  Optionally, the first point in time at which a prediction is computed. This parameter supports: float, int, pandas.Timestamp, and None. If a float, it is the proportion of the time series that should lie before the first prediction point. If an int, it is either the index position of the first prediction point for series with a pd.DatetimeIndex, or the index value for series with a pd.RangeIndex. The latter can be changed to the index position with start_format=”position”. If a pandas.Timestamp, it is the time stamp of the first prediction point. If None, the first prediction point will automatically be set to:

  • the first predictable point if retrain is False, or retrain is a Callable and the first predictable point is earlier than the first trainable point.

  • the first trainable point if retrain is True or int (given train_length), or retrain is a Callable and the first trainable point is earlier than the first predictable point.

  • the first trainable point (given train_length) otherwise

  Note: Raises a ValueError if start yields a time outside the time index of series. Note: If start is outside the possible historical forecasting times, will ignore the parameter (default behavior with None) and start at the first trainable/predictable point.

• start_format (Literal[‘position’, ‘value’]) – Defines the start format. Only effective when start is an integer and series is indexed with a pd.RangeIndex. If set to ‘position’, start corresponds to the index position of the first predicted point and can range from (-len(series), len(series) - 1). If set to ‘value’, start corresponds to the index value/label of the first predicted point. Will raise an error if the value is not in series’ index. Default: 'value'

• forecast_horizon – The forecast horizon for the point predictions.

• stride (int) – The number of time steps between two consecutive predictions.

• retrain (Union[bool, int, Callable[…, bool]]) –

  Whether and/or on which condition to retrain the model before predicting. This parameter supports 3 different datatypes: bool, (positive) int, and Callable (returning a bool). In the case of bool: retrain the model at each step (True), or never retrains the model (False). In the case of int: the model is retrained every retrain iterations. In the case of Callable: the model is retrained whenever callable returns True. The callable must have the following positional arguments:

  • counter (int): current retrain iteration

  • pred_time (pd.Timestamp or int): timestamp of forecast time (end of the training series)

  • train_series (TimeSeries): train series up to pred_time

  • past_covariates (TimeSeries): past_covariates series up to pred_time

  • future_covariates (TimeSeries): future_covariates series up to min(pred_time + series.freq * forecast_horizon, series.end_time())

  Note: if any optional *_covariates are not passed to historical_forecast, None will be passed to the corresponding retrain function argument. Note: some models do require being retrained every time and do not support anything other than retrain=True.

• last_points_only (bool) – Whether to use the whole historical forecasts or only the last point of each forecast to compute the error.

• metric (Callable[…, Union[float, List[float], ndarray, List[ndarray]]]) –

  Either one of Darts’ “per time step” metrics (see here), or a custom metric that has an identical signature as Darts’ “per time step” metrics, uses decorators multi_ts_support() and multi_ts_support(), and returns one value per time step.

• verbose (bool) – Whether to print progress.

• show_warnings (bool) – Whether to show warnings related to parameters start, and train_length.

• predict_likelihood_parameters (bool) – If set to True, the model predict the parameters of its Likelihood parameters instead of the target. Only supported for probabilistic models with likelihood=”quantile”, num_samples = 1 and n<=output_chunk_length. Default: False.

• enable_optimization (bool) – Whether to use the optimized version of historical_forecasts when supported and available. Default: True.

• metric_kwargs (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]) – Additional arguments passed to metric(), such as ‘n_jobs’ for parallelization, ‘m’ for scaled metrics, etc. Will pass arguments only if they are present in the corresponding metric signature. Ignores reduction arguments “series_reduction”, “component_reduction”, “time_reduction”, and parameter ‘insample’ for scaled metrics (e.g. mase`, rmsse, …), as they are handled internally.

• fit_kwargs (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]) – Additional arguments passed to the model fit() method.

• predict_kwargs (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]) – Additional arguments passed to the model predict() method.

• values_only (bool) – Whether to return the residuals as np.ndarray. If False, returns residuals as TimeSeries.

• sample_weight (Union[TimeSeries, Sequence[TimeSeries], str, None]) – Optionally, some sample weights to apply to the target series labels for training. Only effective when retrain is not False. They are applied per observation, per label (each step in output_chunk_length), and per component. If a series or sequence of series, then those weights are used. If the weight series only have a single component / column, then the weights are applied globally to all components in series. Otherwise, for component-specific weights, the number of components must match those of series. If a string, then the weights are generated using built-in weighting functions. The available options are “linear” or “exponential” decay - the further in the past, the lower the weight. The weights are computed per time series.

Return type

Union[TimeSeries, List[TimeSeries], List[List[TimeSeries]]]

Returns

• TimeSeries – Residual TimeSeries for a single series and historical_forecasts generated with last_points_only=True.

• List[TimeSeries] – A list of residual TimeSeries for a sequence (list) of series with last_points_only=True. The residual list has length len(series).

• List[List[TimeSeries]] – A list of lists of residual TimeSeries for a sequence of series with last_points_only=False. The outer residual list has length len(series). The inner lists consist of the residuals from all possible series-specific historical forecasts.

save(path=None, **pkl_kwargs)

Saves the model under a given path or file handle.

Example for saving and loading a RegressionModel:

from darts.models import RegressionModel

model = RegressionModel(lags=4)

model.save("my_model.pkl")
model_loaded = RegressionModel.load("my_model.pkl")

Parameters

• path (Union[str, PathLike, BinaryIO, None]) – Path or file handle under which to save the model at its current state. If no path is specified, the model is automatically saved under "{ModelClass}_{YYYY-mm-dd_HH_MM_SS}.pkl". E.g., "RegressionModel_2020-01-01_12_00_00.pkl".

• pkl_kwargs – Keyword arguments passed to pickle.dump()

Return type

None

property supports_future_covariates: bool

Whether model supports future covariates

Return type

bool

property supports_likelihood_parameter_prediction: bool

Whether model instance supports direct prediction of likelihood parameters

Return type

bool

property supports_multivariate: bool

Whether the model considers more than one variate in the time series.

Return type

bool

property supports_optimized_historical_forecasts: bool

Whether the model supports optimized historical forecasts

Return type

bool

property supports_past_covariates: bool

Whether model supports past covariates

Return type

bool

property supports_probabilistic_prediction: bool

Checks if the forecasting model with this configuration supports probabilistic predictions.

By default, returns False. Needs to be overwritten by models that do support probabilistic predictions.

Return type

bool

property supports_sample_weight: bool

Whether model supports sample weight for training.

Return type

bool

property supports_static_covariates: bool

Whether model supports static covariates

Return type

bool

property supports_transferrable_series_prediction: bool

Whether the model supports prediction for any input series.

Return type

bool

property uses_future_covariates: bool

Whether the model uses future covariates, once fitted.

Return type

bool

property uses_past_covariates: bool

Whether the model uses past covariates, once fitted.

Return type

bool

property uses_static_covariates: bool

Whether the model uses static covariates, once fitted.

Return type

bool

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